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May and Can: differences

9:03 AM

Both can and may can be used to talk about possibility. But there is some difference between them. Can is used to talk about theoretical possibility; may is used to talk about factual possibility.

Compare:
  • The road may be blocked due to the procession. (Factual possibility.)
  • Any road can be blocked. (Theoretical possibility - It is possible to block any road.)
  • There may be a strike next week. (It is possible that there will be a strike next week.)
  • Strikes can happen any time. (It is possible for strikes to happen any time.)
  • If you drive carelessly, you may have an accident. (Factual possibility)
  • Accidents can happen any time. (Theoretical possibility)

When we talk about possibility, could often means the same as may or might.

  • You may/might/could be right.
May not and Cannot

May not suggests improbability. Cannot suggests impossibility.

Compare:

  • We may not go camping this summer. (= It is possible that we may not go camping.)
  • We cannot go camping this summer. (= It is not possible for us to go camping this summer.)
Sources:
http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/
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Auxiliary Verbs - May

8:53 AM

May is a modal auxiliary verb. There is no –s in the third person singular.

  • She may be here soon. (NOT She mays …)

May is followed by an infinitive without to.

  • You may be right. (NOT You may to be right.)
  • He may come.

Questions and negatives are made without do.

  • May I come in, please? (NOT Do I may come …)
  • He may not come. (NOT He do not may come.)

May does not have infinitives (to may) or participles (maying, mayed). When necessary, we use other words.

Meaning

May is used to talk about possibility, and to ask for and give permission.

  • It may rain this afternoon.
  • May I play carroms, mummy?
  • Yes, you may.
Possibility

May is used to talk about the chances of something happening.

  • I think it is going to rain. You may be right.
  • There may be a strike next week.
  • Where is John? He may be out shopping.

May well is used to suggest a strong possibility.

  • I think it is going to rain. You may well be right.

May is not normally used in direct questions about probability.

  • Are they likely to help us? (BUT NOT May they help us?)

But note that may is possible in indirect questions about probability.

  • May we not be making a big mistake?
May + perfect infinitive

The structure may + perfect Infinitive (have + past participle) can be used to say that it is possible that something happened or was true in the past.

  • Alice is very late. She may have missed her train. (= It is possible that she missed her train.)

May + perfect infinitive can also refer to the present or future.

  • I will try phoning him, but he may have gone out by now.
Permission

May can be used to ask for permission. It is more formal than can and could.

  • May I come in?

May is used to give permission; may not is used to refuse permission and to forbid.

  • May I come in? Yes, you may.
  • May I have a look at your papers? No, I am afraid you may not.

Must not is also used to forbid. It is stronger than may not.

  • Students must not use the staff car park.

May and might are not normally used to talk about permission which has already been given or refused, about freedom which people already have, or about rules and laws. Instead, we use can, could or be allowed.

  • Can you/Are you allowed to park on both sides of the road here? (More natural than May you allowed …)
  • When we were children, we could watch TV whenever we wanted to. (NOT …we might watch TV …)
May in wishes and hopes

May is used in formal expressions of wishes and hopes. May often comes at the beginning of the sentence.

  • May God bless you!
  • May you both be very happy!
  • May the devil take him!
  • May you prosper in all that you do!
Source:
http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/
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Auxiliary Verb - Could

2:14 AM

Could is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb. We use could to:

  • talk about past possibility or ability
  • make requests

Structure of Could

subject + could + main verb

The main verb is always the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to").


subjectauxiliary verbmain verb
+My grandmothercouldswim.
-Shecould notwalk.
couldn't
?Couldyour grandmotherswim?

Notice that:

  • Could is invariable. There is only one form of could.
  • The main verb is always the bare infinitive.

Uses

To talk about past ability in general

Could is often used to say that somebody was able to do something in the past.

    • My father could walk without help when he was 95.
    • She could read when she was 3.
    • When we were children, we could watch TV whenever we wanted to.
    • In my younger days, I could run four miles at a stretch.

Note that could refers to the past only when the context makes the time clear.

Could not (also couldn't) shows past inability.

  • I could not understand a word, but I kept smiling.
  • She spoke in such a low voice that most of us could not hear her.
  • We found that we couldn't depend on our guide.

Could is used to talk about past ability in general. We do not normally use could to say that somebody managed to do something on one occasion. But with certain verbs like see, hear, taste, feel, smell, understand, remember etc., could can be used for particular occasions as well.

  • Suddenly I could hear a loud noise.
  • I could smell something burning.
As the past equivalent of can

Could is the past equivalent of can in indirect speech.

  • He said, "I can drive."
  • He said that he could drive.
  • She said, "I can't climb up the hill."
  • She said that she could not climb up the hill.
To make polite requests or offers

Could is often used to make a request or offer sound more polite.

  • Could I have a glass of water, please?
  • Could you help me with these bags?
To express possibility or uncertainty

Could can mean would be able to.

  • You could get a better job if you spoke English. (=You would be able to get a better job if you spoke English.)
  • You could do it if you tried hard. (=You would be able to do it…)
  • If only I had some working capital, I could start a new business. (=…I would be able to start a new business.)
Could have + past participle

The structure could have + past participle can be used to criticize people for not doing things. It can also be used to talk about past events that did not happen.

  • I have been waiting since morning - you could have said that you weren't coming.
  • Why did you drive so carelessly? You could have killed yourself.
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Auxiliary Verb - Can

1:09 AM

Can is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb. We use can to:

  • talk about possibility and ability
  • make requests
  • ask for or give permission

Structure of Can

subject + can + main verb

The main verb is always the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to").


subjectauxiliary verbmain verb
+Icanplaytennis.
-Hecannotplaytennis.
can't
?Canyouplaytennis?

Notice that:

  • Can is invariable. There is only one form of can.
  • The main verb is always the bare infinitive.

Uses

Can is used to talk about ability and possibility, to ask for and give permission, and to make requests and offers.

To talk about theoretical possibility

We can use can to talk about ‘theoretical’ possibility – to say that situations and events are possible theoretically.

  • Glass can be blown. (It is theoretically possible to blow glass.)
  • Wars can break out any time. (It is theoretically possible for wars to break out any time.)
  • Smoking can cause cancer.
  • Noise can be quite a problem when you are living in a city.

Note that we do not use can to talk about future probability – to say that something will happen in future. We express this idea with may or might.

  • It may rain this evening. (NOT It can rain …)
  • There may be a strike next week. (NOT There can be a strike …)
  • I may get a job soon.

Note that might expresses a less definite possibility than may. Could is also used in the same sense.

  • It could rain this evening. (= It might rain this evening.)
To talk about logical possibility

Can is often used in questions and negatives to talk about the logical possibility that something is true.

  • There is the doorbell? Who can it be?

With this meaning can is not possible in affirmative clauses. Instead, we use could, may or might.

  • Where is John? He could/may/might be in the garden. (NOT He can be in the garden.)
To talk about ability

We can use can to talk about present or general ability – to say that we are capable of doing something.

  • I can speak 10 languages.
  • She can cook well.
  • Can you knit?
  • If you are not satisfied with this product, you can send it back.

Note that be able to can often be used with similar meanings.

  • He is able to support her. (= He can support her.)
  • They were able to catch the thief. (= They could catch the thief.)

Cannot (also can’t) shows inability.

  • I can speak French, but I cannot write it.
  • Most people cannot read traffic signals.
  • I can't drive.

We do not use can to talk about future ability. Instead, we use will be able to or other words.

  • Someday scientists will be able to find a cure for cancer. (NOT Someday scientists will can find a cure for cancer.)
To ask for or give permission

Can is sometimes used to ask for and give permission. Some people, however, think that maycan. is more correct than

  • Can I use your car, John?
  • Can we park over there?
  • You can go out and play after you have finished your homework.
  • You can park on either side of the road here.
  • Can I go to the movies, mom?

Note that we can also use could to ask for permission. It is a more polite form of can .

  • Could I speak to Mr. John, please?
  • Could I have look at your newspaper?

Cannot is used to refuse permission.

  • Can I go to the movies, mom? No, you can’t.
To make requests and offers

Can is used in polite requests and offers of help.

  • Can you turn that music down? I am trying to work.
  • Can you get me a cup of coffee?
  • Can I help you with those bags?

Note that Could is a more polite way of making requests and offers.

  • Could you help me with my homework?
  • Could you lend me some money?
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Auxiliary Verbs

1:06 AM

An auxiliary verb is one which helps other verbs to make tenses, passive forms etc. There are two groups - primary auxiliaries and modal auxiliaries.

Modal auxiliaries

The verbs will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought, dare and need are usually called modal auxiliaries. They are used with other verbs to express actions, events or situations that exist only as conceptions of the mind - permissions, possibilities, certainty, ability, wishes, obligations etc. They may also express simple futurity.

  • I can swim.
  • She will come.
  • I must go now.
  • Should I call them?
  • She might come.

Modal auxiliaries have three common characteristics.

1. They are never used alone. A principal verb is either present or implied.

  • I can fly an aeroplane.
  • He should behave.
  • Will you go? Yes, I will (go).

2. Modal auxiliaries have no –s in the third person singular.

  • I can swim.
  • She can swim. (NOT She cans …)
  • I may pass.
  • He may pass.
  • They may pass.

3. Modal auxiliaries do not have infinitives (to may, to shall etc.) or participles (maying, shalling, shalled etc.). You cannot say to shall, to must or to may.

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Past Perfect Tense

10:20 AM
The Past Perfect tense is used to refer to a non-continuous action in the past, which was already completed by the time another action in the past took place. In the following examples, the verbs in the Past Perfect tense are underlined.
e.g. She had heard the news before I saw her.
I had finished my work by the time the clock struck twelve.

In the preceding examples, the verbs had heard and had finished are in the Past Perfect tense, and the verbs saw and struck are in the Simple Past. The use of the Past Perfect tense indicates that the actions of hearing the news and finishing the work were already completed by the time the actions expressed by the verbs in the Simple Past took place.

The structure of the past perfect tense is:

subject+auxiliary verb HAVE+main verb

conjugated in simple past tense
past participle
hadV3

For negative sentences in the past perfect tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past perfect tense:


subjectauxiliary verb
main verb
+Ihad
finishedmy work.
+Youhad
stoppedbefore me.
-Shehadnotgoneto school.
-Wehadnotleft.
?Hadyou
arrived?
?Hadthey
eatendinner?

When speaking with the past perfect tense, we often contract the subject and auxiliary verb:

I hadI'd
you hadyou'd
he had
she had
it had
he'd
she'd
it'd
we hadwe'd
they hadthey'd

The past perfect tense expresses action in the past before another action in the past. This is the past in the past. For example:

  • The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. When we arrived, the train had left.
The train had left when we arrived.
pastpresentfuture
Train leaves in past at 9am.

9
9.15



We arrive in past at 9.15am.

Look at some more examples:

  • I wasn't hungry. I had just eaten.
  • They were hungry. They had not eaten for five hours.
  • I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before.
  • "Mary wasn't at home when I arrived."
    "Really? Where had she gone?"

You can sometimes think of the past perfect tense like the present perfect tense, but instead of the time being now the time is past.

past perfect tense
present perfect tense
had |
done |
> |




have |
done |
> |




pastnowfuture
pastnowfuture

For example, imagine that you arrive at the station at 9.15am. The stationmaster says to you:

  • "You are too late. The train has left."

Later, you tell your friends:

  • "We were too late. The train had left."

We often use the past perfect tense in reported speech after verbs like said, told, asked, thought, wondered:

Look at these examples:

  • He told us that the train had left.
  • I thought I had met her before, but I was wrong.
  • He explained that he had closed the window because of the rain.
  • I wondered if I had been there before.
  • I asked them why they had not finished.
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Present Perfect Tense

12:46 PM

We use the present perfect when we want to look back from the present to the past.

We can use it to look back on the recent past.

  • I've broken my watch so I don't know what time it is.
  • They have cancelled the meeting.
  • She's taken my copy. I don't have one.
  • The sales team has doubled its turnover.

When we look back on the recent past, we often use the words 'just' 'already' or the word 'yet' (in negatives and questions only).

  • We've already talked about that.
  • She hasn't arrived yet.
  • I've just done it.
  • They've already met.
  • They don't know yet.
  • Have you spoken to him yet?
  • Have they got back to you yet?

It can also be used to look back on the more distant past.

  • We've been to Singapore a lot over the last few years.
  • She's done this type of project many times before.
  • We've mentioned it to them on several occasions over the last six months.
  • They've often talked about it in the past.

When we look back on the more distant past, we often use the words 'ever' (in questions) and 'never'.

  • Have you ever been to Argentina?
  • Has he ever talked to you about the problem?
  • I've never met Jim and Sally.
  • We've never considered investing in Mexico.

How do we make the Present Perfect Tense?

The structure of the present perfect tense is:

subject+auxiliary verb+main verb


have
past participle

Here are some examples of the present perfect tense:


subjectauxiliary verb
main verb
+Ihave
seenET.
+Youhave
eatenmine.
-Shehasnotbeento Rome.
-Wehavenotplayedfootball.
?Haveyou
finished?
?Havethey
doneit?

How do we use the Present Perfect Tense?

This tense is called the present perfect tense. There is always a connection with the past and with the present. There are basically three uses for the present perfect tense:

  1. experience
  2. change
  3. continuing situation

1. Present perfect tense for experience

We often use the present perfect tense to talk about experience from the past. We are not interested in when you did something. We only want to know if you did it:

I have seen ET.
He has lived in Bangkok.
Have you been there?
We have never eaten caviar.
pastpresentfuture

!!!
The action or state was in the past.In my head, I have a memory now.
Connection with past: the event was in the past.
Connection with present: in my head, now, I have a memory of the event; I know something about the event; I have experience of it.

2. Present perfect tense for change

We also use the present perfect tense to talk about a change or new information:

I have bought a car.
pastpresentfuture
-+
Last week I didn't have a car.Now I have a car.
John has broken his leg.
pastpresentfuture
+-
Yesterday John had a good leg.Now he has a bad leg.
Has the price gone up?
pastpresentfuture
+-
Was the price $1.50 yesterday?Is the price $1.70 today?
The police have arrested the killer.
pastpresentfuture
-+
Yesterday the killer was free.Now he is in prison.
Connection with past: the past is the opposite of the present.
Connection with present: the present is the opposite of the past.

3. Present perfect tense for continuing situation

We often use the present perfect tense to talk about a continuing situation. This is a state that started in the past and continues in the present (and will probably continue into the future). This is a state (not an action). We usually use for or since with this structure.

I have worked here since June.
He has been ill for 2 days.
How long have you known Tara?
pastpresentfuture







The situation started in the past.It continues up to now.(It will probably continue into the future.)
Connection with past: the situation started in the past.
Connection with present: the situation continues in the present.

For & Since with Present Perfect Tense

We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.

  • We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years.
  • We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.
forsince
a period of timea point in past time

x------------
20 minutes6.15pm
three daysMonday
6 monthsJanuary
4 years1994
2 centuries1800
a long timeI left school
everthe beginning of time
etcetc

Here are some examples:

  • I have been here for 20 minutes.
  • I have been here since 9 o'clock.
  • John hasn't called for 6 months.
  • John hasn't called since February.
  • He has worked in New York for a long time.
  • He has worked in New York since he left school.
Source:
http://www.englishclub.com/








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Passive Voice

10:15 AM

The passive voice is less usual than the active voice. The active voice is the "normal" voice. But sometimes we need the passive voice. In this lesson we look at how to construct the passive voice, when to use it and how to conjugate it.


Construction of the Passive Voice

The structure of the passive voice is very simple:

subject + auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (past participle)

The main verb is always in its past participle form.

Look at these examples:

subjectauxiliary verb (to be)
main verb (past participle)
Wateris
drunkby everyone.
100 peopleare
employedby this company.
Iam
paidin euro.
Wearenotpaidin dollars.
Arethey
paidin yen?


Use of the Passive Voice

We use the passive when:

  • we want to make the active object more important
  • we do not know the active subject

subjectverbobject
give importance to active object (President Kennedy)President Kennedywas killedby Lee Harvey Oswald.
active subject unknownMy wallethas been stolen.?

Note that we always use by to introduce the passive object (Fish are eaten by cats).


Conjugation for the Passive Voice

We can form the passive in any tense. In fact, conjugation of verbs in the passive tense is rather easy, as the main verb is always in past participle form and the auxiliary verb is always be. To form the required tense, we conjugate the auxiliary verb. So, for example:

  • present simple: It is made
  • present continuous: It is being made
  • present perfect: It has been made

Here are some examples with most of the possible tenses:

infinitiveto be washed
simplepresentIt is washed.
pastIt was washed.
futureIt will be washed.
conditionalIt would be washed.
continuouspresentIt is being washed.
pastIt was being washed.
futureIt will be being washed.
conditionalIt would be being washed.
perfect simplepresentIt has been washed.
pastIt had been washed.
futureIt will have been washed.
conditionalIt would have been washed.
perfect continuouspresentIt has been being washed.
pastIt had been being washed.
futureIt will have been being washed.
conditionalIt would have been being washed.

Sources:

http://www.englishclub.com/

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Prepositional Verbs

9:00 AM

Prepositional verbs are a group of multi-word verbs made from a verb plus another word or words. Many people refer to all multi-word verbs as phrasal verbs. On these pages we make a distinction between three types of multi-word verbs: prepositional verbs, phrasal verbs and phrasal-prepositional verbs. On this page we look at prepositional verbs.

Prepositional verbs are made of:

verb + preposition

Because a preposition always has an object, all prepositional verbs have direct objects. Here are some examples of prepositional verbs:

prepositional verbsmeaningexamples

direct object
believe inhave faith in the existence ofI believe inGod.
look aftertake care ofHe is looking afterthe dog.
talk aboutdiscussDid you talk aboutme?
wait forawaitJohn is waiting forMary.

Prepositional verbs cannot be separated. That means that we cannot put the direct object between the two parts. For example, we must say "look after the baby". We cannot say "look the baby after":

prepositional verbs are inseparableCorrect!Who is looking after the baby?This is possible.
Not correct!Who is looking the baby after?This is not possible.

Sources:
http://www.englishclub.com/
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Phrasal Verbs

8:43 AM

Phrasal verbs are a group of multi-word verbs made from a verb plus another word or words. Many people refer to all multi-word verbs as phrasal verbs. On these pages we make a distinction between three types of multi-word verbs: prepositional verbs, phrasal verbs and phrasal-prepositional verbs. On this page we look at phrasal verbs proper.

Phrasal verbs are made of:

verb + adverb

Phrasal verbs can be:

  • intransitive (no direct object)
  • transitive (direct object)

Here are some examples of phrasal verbs:


phrasal verbsmeaningexamples

direct object
intransitive phrasal verbsget uprise from bedI don't like to get up.
break downcease to functionHe was late because his car broke down.
transitive phrasal verbsput offpostponeWe will have to put offthe meeting.
turn downrefuseThey turned downmy offer.

Separable Phrasal Verbs

When phrasal verbs are transitive (that is, they have a direct object), we can usually separate the two parts. For example, "turn down" is a separable phrasal verb. We can say: "turn downturn my offer down". Look at this table: my offer" or "

transitive phrasal verbs are
separable
Correct!Theyturned
downmy offer.
Correct!Theyturnedmy offerdown.

However, if the direct object is a pronoun, we have no choice. We must separate the phrasal verb and insert the pronoun between the two parts. Look at this example with the separable phrasal verb "switch on":

direct object pronouns must go between the two parts of transitive phrasal verbsCorrect!Johnswitched
onthe radio.These are all possible.
Correct!Johnswitchedthe radioon.
Correct!Johnswitchediton.
Not correct!Johnswitched
onit.This is not possible.

Sources:
http://www.englishclub.com/
http://www.edufind.com/
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Future Continuous Tense

8:37 AM
The future continuous refers to an unfinished action or event that will be in progress at a time later than now. It is used:
  • to project ourselves into the future and see something happening: This time next week I will be sun-bathing in Bali.
  • to refer to actions/events that will happen in the normal course of events: I'll be seeing Jim at the conference next week.
  • in the interrogative form, especially with 'you', to distinguish between a simple request for information and an invitation: Will you be coming to the party tonight? (= request for information) Will you come to the party? (= invitation)
  • to predict or guess about someone's actions or feelings, now or in the future: You'll be feeling tired after that long walk, I expect.

More examples:

a. events in progress in the future:
When you are in Australia will you be staying with friends?
This time next week you will be working in your new job.
At four thirty on Tuesday afternoon I will be signing the contract.

b. events/actions in normal course of events:
I'll be going into town this afternoon, is there anything you want from the shops?
Will you be using the car tomorrow? - No, you can take it.
I'll be seeing Jane this evening - I'll give her the message.

c. asking for information:
Will you be bringing your friend to the pub tonight?
Will Jim be coming with us?

d. predicting or guessing:
You'll be feeling thirsty after working in the sun.
He'll be coming to the meeting, I expect.
You'll be missing the sunshine now you're back in England.


How do we make the Future Continuous Tense?

The structure of the future continuous tense is:

subject

+

auxiliary verb WILL

+

auxiliary verb BE

+

main verb


invariable


invariable


present participle

will

be

base + ing

For negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we insert not between will and be. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and will. Look at these example sentences with the future continuous tense:


subject

auxiliary verb


auxiliary verb

main verb


+

I

will


be

working

at 10am.

+

You

will


be

lying

on a beach tomorrow.

-

She

will

not

be

using

the car.

-

We

will

not

be

having

dinner at home.

?

Will

you


be

playing

football?

?

Will

they


be

watching

TV?

When we use the future continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and will:

I willI'll
you willyou'll
he will
she will
it will
he'll
she'll
it'll
we willwe'll
they willthey'll

For spoken negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we contract with won't, like this:

I will notI won't
you will notyou won't
he will not
she will not
it will not
he won't
she won't
it won't
we will notwe won't
they will notthey won't

How do we use the Future Continuous Tense?

The future continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the future. The action will start before that moment but it will not have finished at that moment. For example, tomorrow I will start work at 2pm and stop work at 6pm:

At 4pm tomorrow, I will be working.
pastpresentfuture

4pm


At 4pm, I will be in the middle of working.

When we use the future continuous tense, our listener usually knows or understands what time we are talking about. Look at these examples:

  • I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow.
  • They won't be watching TV at 9pm tonight.
  • What will you be doing at 10pm tonight?
  • What will you be doing when I arrive?
  • She will not be sleeping when you telephone her.
  • We 'll be having dinner when the film starts.
  • Take your umbrella. It will be raining when you return.





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Past Continuous Tense

6:12 AM
The past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and was still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.

It is used:
  • often, to describe the background in a story written in the past tense, e.g. "The sun was shining and the birds were singing as the elephant came out of the jungle. The other animals were relaxing in the shade of the trees, but the elephant moved very quickly. She was looking for her baby, and she didn't notice the hunter who was watching her through his binoculars. When the shot rang out, she was running towards the river..."
  • to describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event or action: "I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang."
  • to express a change of mind: e.g. "I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to go on an excursion instead."
  • with 'wonder', to make a very polite request: e.g. "I was wondering if you could baby-sit for me tonight."

More examples:

  • They were waiting for the bus when the accident happened.
  • Caroline was skiing when she broke her leg.
  • When we arrived he was having a bath.
  • When the fire started I was watching television.

How do we make the Past Continuous Tense?

The structure of the past continuous tense is:

subject+auxiliary verb BE+main verb

conjugated in simple past tense
present participle
was
were
base + ing

For negative sentences in the past continuous tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past continuous tense:


subjectauxiliary verb
main verb
+Iwas
watchingTV.
+Youwere
workinghard.
-He, she, itwasnothelpingMary.
-Wewerenotjoking.
?Wereyou
beingsilly?
?Werethey
playingfootball?

How do we use the Past Continuous Tense?

The past continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the past. The action started before that moment but has not finished at that moment.

For example, yesterday I watched a film on TV. The film started at 7pm and finished at 9pm.

At 8pm yesterday, I was watching TV.
pastpresentfuture

8pm
At 8pm, I was in the middle of watching TV.

When we use the past continuous tense, our listener usually knows or understands what time we are talking about. Look at these examples:

  • I was working at 10pm last night.
  • They were not playing football at 9am this morning.
  • What were you doing at 10pm last night?
  • What were you doing when he arrived?
  • She was cooking when I telephoned her.
  • We were having dinner when it started to rain.
  • Ram went home early because it was snowing.


Past Continuous Tense + Simple Past Tense

We often use the past continuous tense with the simple past tense. We use the past continuous tense to express a long action. And we use the simple past tense to express a short action that happens in the middle of the long action. We can join the two ideas with when or while.

In the following example, we have two actions:

  1. long action (watching TV), expressed with past continuous tense
  2. short action (telephoned), expressed with simple past tense
pastpresentfuture
Long action.

I was watching TV at 8pm.

8pm



You telephoned at 8pm.
Short action.

We can join these two actions with when:

  • I was watching TV when you telephoned.

(Notice that "when you telephoned" is also a way of defining the time [8pm].)

We use:

  • when + short action (simple past tense)
  • while + long action (past continuous tense)

There are four basic combinations:


I was walking past the carwhenit exploded.
Whenthe car exploded
I was walking past it.

The car explodedwhileI was walking past it.
WhileI was walking past the car
it exploded.

Notice that the long action and short action are relative.

  • "Watching TV" took a few hours. "Telephoned" took a few seconds.
  • "Walking past the car" took a few seconds. "Exploded" took a few milliseconds.
Sources:
http://www.englishclub.com/
http://www.edufind.com/
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The Present Participle

8:43 AM

The present participle of most verbs has the form base+ing and is used in the following ways:

a. as part of the continuous form of a verb
(See continuous tenses in Present Continuous Tense)

Example:

I am working,
he was singing,
they have been walking.

b. after verbs of movement/position in the pattern: verb + present participle

Example:

  • She went shopping
  • He lay looking up at the clouds
  • She came running towards me

This construction is particularly useful with the verb 'to go', as in these common expressions :

to go shopping
to go ski-ing
to go fishing
to go surfing

to go walking
to go swimming
to go running
to go dancing

c. after verbs of perception in the pattern:
verb + object + present participle

Example:

I heard someone singing.
He saw his friend walking along the road.
I can smell something burning!

NOTE: There is a difference in meaning when such a sentence contains a zero-infinitive rather than a participle. The infinitive refers to a complete action, but the participle refers to an incomplete action, or part of an action.

Compare:

  • I heard Joanna singing (= she had started before I heard her, and probably went on afterwards)
  • I heard Joanna sing (= I heard her complete performance)

d. as an adjective

Examples:

amazing, worrying, exciting, boring.

  • It was an amazing film.
  • It's a bit worrying when the police stop you
  • Dark billowing clouds often precede a storm.
  • Racing cars can go as fast as 400kph.
  • He was trapped inside the burning house.
  • Many of his paintings depict the setting sun.

e. with the verbs spend and waste, in the pattern:
verb + time/money expression + present participle

Example:

  • My boss spends two hours a day travelling to work.
  • Don't waste time playing computer games!
  • They've spent the whole day shopping.

f. with the verbs catch and find, in the pattern:
verb + object + present participle:

With catch, the participle always refers to an action which causes annoyance or anger:

  • If I catch you stealing my apples again, there'll be trouble!
  • Don't let him catch you reading his letters.

This is not the case with find, which is unemotional:

  • We found some money lying on the ground.
  • They found their mother sitting in the garden.

g. to replace a sentence or part of a sentence:

When two actions occur at the same time, and are done by the same person or thing, we can use a present participle to describe one of them:

  • They went out into the snow. They laughed as they went. They went laughing out into the snow.

  • He whistled to himself. He walked down the road. Whistling to himself, he walked down the road.

When one action follows very quickly after another done by the same person or thing, we can express the first action with a present participle:

  • He put on his coat and left the house. Putting on his coat, he left the house.

  • She dropped the gun and put her hands in the air. Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air.

The present participle can be used instead of a phrase starting as, since, because, and it explains the cause or reason for an action:

  • Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge.
    (= because he felt hungry...)
  • Being poor, he didn't spend much on clothes.
  • Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat.
Source: http://www.edufind.com/
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List of Irregular Verbs With Conjugation

7:42 AM

Irregular verbs are not as easy to learn as regular ones, but it's not that hard, either. Students are often scared at the variety of irregular verbs the English language has, and learning them can be challenging - but fun. One thing is true, though: you'll have to learn them by heart. There have been systems invented to learn irregular verbs easier by ESL programs, but actually the best way is to remember the verbs, by using them, and applying them to different situations. Let's take a look at some common -and not so common- irregular verbs in English:

be - was/were - been

become - became - become

begin - began - begun

break - broke - broken

bring - brought - brought

build - built - built

buy - bought - bought

come - came - come

cost - cost - cost

cut - cut - cut

do - did - done

drink - drank - drunk

eat - ate - eaten

find - found - found

fly - flew - flown

get - got - gotten/got

give - gave - given

go - went - gone

have - had - had

keep - kept - kept

know - knew - known

leave - left - left

make - made - made

meet - met - met

pay - paid - paid

put - put - put

read - read - read

say - said - said

see - saw - seen

sell - sold - sold

send - sent - sent

speak - spoke - spoken

spend - spent - spent

take - took - taken

teach - taught - taught

tell - told - told

think - thought - thought

These are very frequent verbs, and if you take a close look you'll see that the past participle (third column) often repeats the past form. For example:

  • I make my bed every day.
  • I made my bed yesterday.
  • I have made my bed before!

Others, however, suffer a change when used in part participle:
  • I speak with my mother often.
  • I spoke with my mother last Friday.
  • I have recently spoken to my mother.

As with regular verbs, irregular ones are used with different auxiliaries to form tenses. That way, using has or have plus the past participle of a verb will form the present perfect tense:
  • She has taught me a lot about life.

Using had plus past participle forms the past perfect tense:

  • They had always thought her illness could be reverted.

Will is also an auxiliary that forms the future tense. Will have plus a past participle will form the future perfect tense:

  • Tomorrow will be a nice day. (Simple Future)
  • By Friday, I will have finished my assignments (Future Perfect)

For a full list of irregular verbs and exercises you can visit this complete website. To understand fully the way irregular verbs are constructed, the best way is to study and use them, so only practice can lead you to success in this sense. So go ahead, use, study and learn them!

sources : http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Andrea_Phillips

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